{"id":9035,"date":"2024-03-10T09:58:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-10T08:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dev.rocketstaff.de\/news\/loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions\/"},"modified":"2025-12-17T12:14:35","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T11:14:35","slug":"loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"Loader Dev. 2 &#8211; Dynamically resolving functions"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9035\" class=\"elementor elementor-9035\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-57709047 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"57709047\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\n\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\njQuery(function($) {\nvar mywindow = $(window);\nvar mypos = mywindow.scrollTop();\nlet scrolling = false;\nwindow.addEventListener('scroll', function() {\nscrolling = true;\n});\nsetInterval(() => {\nif (scrolling) {\nscrolling = false;\nif (mypos > 40) {\nif (mywindow.scrollTop() > mypos) {\n$('#header--sticky').addClass('headerup');\n} else {\n$('#header--sticky').removeClass('headerup');\n}\n}\nmypos = mywindow.scrollTop();\n}\n}, 300);\n});\n});\n\n<\/script>\n<style>\n#header--sticky{\ntransition : transform 0.34s ease;\n}\n.headerup{\ntransform: translateY(-110px); \/*adjust this value to the height of your header*\/\n}\n<\/style>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65a0c8c2 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65a0c8c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4201823d\" data-id=\"4201823d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4494b7 pill__std elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4494b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Blog article<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9314d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"b9314d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-59da575 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Blog<\/span>, <span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Red Teaming<\/span>, <span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Red Teaming<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4512df67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4512df67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Loader Dev. 2 &#8211; Dynamically resolving functions<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-116d7065 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"116d7065\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-99447c9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarch 10, 2024\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-469e8a53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"469e8a53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a687ee3\" data-id=\"a687ee3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45978ec8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"45978ec8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b824030 elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b824030\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-33cba27e\" data-id=\"33cba27e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48e42f2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48e42f2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In this post, we discuss dynamically resolving functions, which help to avoid static detections based on the functions imported by our executable.<\/p><h2>Disclaimer<\/h2><p>These posts are written to provide information to other professionals of the discussed topics.<\/p><p>The techniques used here are not novel and were documented by other people before. Therefore, the benefit of these posts for threat actors will likely be minimal. Nonetheless, we decided against releasing a full PoC implementation and will instead only provide code snippets as part of the posts. All credit should go to the people who did the original research on the techniques used.<\/p><p>There will also be an accompanying blog post on detecting or hunting for malware using the discussed techniques to enable readers to protect their environment.<\/p><h2>Imports<\/h2><p>The functions our executable uses are by default easily viewable in its imports section. The following code could be used in a basic loader:<\/p><pre>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;<br \/>#include &lt;windows.h&gt;<br \/><br \/>int main() {<br \/>\u00a0 unsigned char shellcode[] = [...];<br \/>\u00a0 unsigned char* base_address = VirtualAlloc(NULL, sizeof(shellcode), MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);<br \/>\u00a0 memcpy(base_address, shellcode, sizeof(shellcode));<br \/>\u00a0 ((void(WINAPI*)(void))base_address)();<br \/>}<\/pre><p>After compilation, we can view the imports of our executable e.g.\u00a0using <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/hasherezade\/pe-bear-releases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">PE-bea<\/span>r<\/a>:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17d6846d\" data-id=\"17d6846d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5f901a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"a5f901a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Kolja Grassmann<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Consultant<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d00a5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d00a5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Category<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cd8cb57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"4cd8cb57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-59da575\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Blog<\/span>, <span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Red Teaming<\/span>, <span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Red Teaming<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b830331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b830331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Date<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef2b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"6ef2b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-59da575\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarch 10, 2024\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7bfa6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c7bfa6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navigation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ccde819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"6ccde819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-chevron-right&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__6ccde819\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-436c9575 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"436c9575\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3ef87738\" data-id=\"3ef87738\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737f6259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"737f6259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/bild1-3.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7194\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/bild1-3.png 560w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/bild1-3-300x209.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5db7803e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5db7803e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Note that the VirtualAlloc function is imported by our executable. AV solutions consider these imports when evaluating whether our executable is malicious. Therefore, we should avoid suspicious function imports like the VirtualAlloc function.<\/p><h2>Dynamic function resolution<\/h2><p>It is possible to dynamically resolve function addresses by using the GetModuleHandle or LoadLibraryA and GetProcAddress functions. By using these functions, we could avoid importing VirtualAlloc:<\/p><pre>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;<br \/>#include &lt;windows.h&gt;<br \/><br \/>int main() {<br \/>\u00a0 unsigned char shellcode[] = [...];<br \/>\u00a0 unsigned char* base_address = (unsigned char*(WINAPI*)(LPVOID,SIZE_T,DWORD,DWORD))GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle(\"Kernel32.dll\"), \"VirtualAlloc\")(NULL, sizeof(shellcode), MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);<br \/>\u00a0 memcpy(base_address, shellcode, sizeof(shellcode));<br \/>\u00a0 ((void(WINAPI*)(void))base_address)();<br \/>}<\/pre><p>As can be seen in the following screenshot, the VirtualAlloc function is now no longer imported, but the functions used for resolving it will be imported:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1464b1ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1464b1ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-7209\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions.png 560w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions-300x209.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e8ed6bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e8ed6bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These functions themselves might be considered suspicious; therefore, it is better to implement a custom version of these functions by parsing the PE structure manually to resolve functions. We will go over this in the following section.<\/p><h2>Custom implementation<\/h2><p>In this section, we will cover how to manually resolve a function. As with the GetModuleHandle and GetProcAddress functions, we will need to know the name of the function and the DLL the function is exported by. Our implementation uses the actual name of the function or DLL. However, there are other implementations out there that use hashes of the DLL and function names instead. This has the advantage that these implementations do not ship the function names in their executable, which might be suspicious. To archive a similar effect, we chose to encrypt the strings in the code used by our loader instead of using a hash.<\/p><h3>Custom GetModuleHandle()<\/h3><p>The first step is to resolve the loaded module using the DLL name. For this, we will first take a look at the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/win32\/api\/winternl\/ns-winternl-teb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thread Environment Block<\/a><\/span> (TEB), which is stored in the GS register on 64bit systems. At offset 0x60 there is a pointer to the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/win32\/api\/winternl\/ns-winternl-peb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Process Environment Block<\/a><\/span> (PEB) located in the TEB.<\/p><pre>typedef struct _TEB {<br \/>\u00a0 PVOID Reserved1[12];<br \/>\u00a0 PPEB\u00a0 ProcessEnvironmentBlock;<br \/>\u00a0 [...]<br \/>} TEB, *PTEB;<\/pre><p>In the PEB we will find a pointer to a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/win32\/api\/winternl\/ns-winternl-peb_ldr_data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PEB_LDR_DATA<\/a><\/span> structure:<\/p><pre>typedef struct _PEB {<br \/>\u00a0 BYTE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reserved1[2];<br \/>\u00a0 BYTE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BeingDebugged;<br \/>\u00a0 BYTE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reserved2[1];<br \/>\u00a0 PVOID\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reserved3[2];<br \/>\u00a0 PPEB_LDR_DATA\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ldr;<br \/>\u00a0 [..]<br \/>} PEB, *PPEB;<\/pre><p>This structure then contains a list of the modules that are loaded by the current process:<\/p><pre>typedef struct _PEB_LDR_DATA {<br \/>\u00a0 BYTE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reserved1[8];<br \/>\u00a0 PVOID\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reserved2[3];<br \/>\u00a0 LIST_ENTRY InMemoryOrderModuleList;<br \/>} PEB_LDR_DATA, *PPEB_LDR_DATA;<\/pre><p>The LIST_ENTRY structure is a doubly linked list, which is defined as follows:<\/p><pre>typedef struct _LIST_ENTRY {<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0 struct _LIST_ENTRY *Flink;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0 struct _LIST_ENTRY *Blink;<br \/>} LIST_ENTRY, *PLIST_ENTRY, *RESTRICTED_POINTER PRLIST_ENTRY;<\/pre><p>Each of these LIST_ENTRY structs is part of an LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY. The structure provided by Microsoft is as follows:<\/p><pre>typedef struct _LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY {<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PVOID Reserved1[2];<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LIST_ENTRY InMemoryOrderLinks;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PVOID Reserved2[2];<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PVOID DllBase;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PVOID EntryPoint;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PVOID Reserved3;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 UNICODE_STRING FullDllName;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BYTE Reserved4[8];<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PVOID Reserved5[3];<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 union {<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ULONG CheckSum;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PVOID Reserved6;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 };<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ULONG TimeDateStamp;<br \/>} LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY, *PLDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY;<\/pre><p>However, we can find a more complete structure in the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/processhacker.sourceforge.io\/doc\/ntldr_8h_source.html#l00102\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ProcessHacker source code<\/a><\/span>. Here we see, that directly after the FullDllName there is also a BaseDllName. Our understanding is, that the FullDllName should include the full path, while the BaseDllName does not and therefore, the BaseDllName is more convenient for our use case.<\/p><p>We can compare the BaseDllName to the module we are searching for and return the DllBase field if we find our DLL. If we end at the LIST_ENTRY structure we initially found in the PEB, then we have looked at all modules without finding the target DLL and should return NULL to indicate that we have not found the module.<\/p><h3>Custom GetProcAddress()<\/h3><p>With the handle to our module, we then can resolve an actual function as GetProcAddress would do. Again, we will traverse several different structures to find the relevant fields. The first structure we will look at is the IMAGE_DOS_HEADER structure. The definition can e.g.\u00a0be found in the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doxygen.reactos.org\/da\/dda\/filesystems_2udfs_2Include_2ntddk__ex_8h_source.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ReactOS<\/a><\/span> source code:<\/p><pre>typedef struct _IMAGE_DOS_HEADER {<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [..]<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LONG e_lfanew; \/\/ File address of new exe header<br \/>} IMAGE_DOS_HEADER, *PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER;<\/pre><p>The last field here is named e_lfanew and contains the offset to the IMAGE_NT_HEADERS structure, which we need to look at next. Our understanding is that the IMAGE_DOS_HEADER structure is a legacy structure and for most purposes, we will move on to the IMAGE_NT_HEADER. The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/win32\/api\/winnt\/ns-winnt-image_nt_headers32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">definition<\/a><\/span> for this structure looks as follows:<\/p><pre>typedef struct _IMAGE_NT_HEADERS64 {<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 DWORD Signature;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IMAGE_FILE_HEADER FileHeader;<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER64 OptionalHeader;<br \/>} IMAGE_NT_HEADERS64, *PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS64;<\/pre><p>Of interest to us is the OptionalHeader field. The <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/win32\/api\/winnt\/ns-winnt-image_optional_header64\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">definition<\/span><\/a> looks as follows:<\/p><pre>typedef struct _IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER64 {<br \/>\u00a0 [...]<br \/>\u00a0 IMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY DataDirectory[IMAGE_NUMBEROF_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES];<br \/>} IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER64, *PIMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER64;<\/pre><p>Here we specifically want to look at the DataDirectory field, which is the last field. The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/win32\/api\/winnt\/ns-winnt-image_data_directory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">definition<\/a><\/span> looks as follows:<\/p><pre>typedef struct _IMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY {<br \/>\u00a0 DWORD VirtualAddress;<br \/>\u00a0 DWORD Size;<br \/>} IMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY, *PIMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY;<\/pre><p>This is an array and there are multiple entries here that are at specific offsets. The offset that is of interest to us is IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT, which contains the exported functions. The value contained here is an offset from the base address of our module. Using the base address and this offset, we can find the IMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY structure for which ReactOS again has a <a href=\"https:\/\/doxygen.reactos.org\/de\/d20\/struct__IMAGE__EXPORT__DIRECTORY.html\">definition<\/a>:<\/p><pre>typedef struct\u00a0 IMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY {<br \/>\u00a0 [...]<br \/>\u00a0 DWORD NumberOfFunctions;<br \/>\u00a0 DWORD NumberOfNames;<br \/>\u00a0 DWORD AddressOfFunctions;<br \/>\u00a0 DWORD AddressOfNames;<br \/>\u00a0 DWORD AddressOfNameOrdinals;<br \/>} IMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY, *PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY;<\/pre><p>The AddressOfNames, AddressOfNameOrdinal, and AddressOfFunctions fields are again an offset from the base address of the module. This is also called a Relative Virtual address (RVA). The AddressOfNames field points to an array containing the function names of the exported functions. The NumberOfNames field contains the number of function names that are contained in this array. We can iterate over these names and compare them to the name of the function we are searching for. If we find our function, we can then use the offset we found the name at to locate the ordinal that belongs to our function in the AddressOfNameOrdinals array. The ordinal can then be used as an index into the AddressOfFunctions array to find the address of our function, in most cases allowing us to return the address of the function as GetProcAddress() does.<\/p><p>In some cases, the function is forwarded to another DLL. In our use case here, we are looking up the DLL name for our own implementation, so this is somewhat unlikely and we could likely fix it by providing the name of the DLL that our call gets forwarded to. However, if we want to consider this in our implementation, we can recognize it, as the function pointer we retrieve in the final step should in this case point to a string in our IMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY structure. Thus, we can compare the limits of this structure using the Size field from our IMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY structure with our pointer to see if this is the case and then handle these cases differently.<\/p><p>If the function is forwarded, our understanding is that the address of our functions points to a string of the form DLLNAME.FUNCTIONNAME. Therefore, we can parse this string and then invoke our logic again with the new DLL and function name.<\/p><p>A full implementation of the discussed logic can e.g.\u00a0be found in <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/C5pider\">@C5pider<\/a>\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Cracked5pider\/KaynLdr\/blob\/main\/KaynLdr\/src\/Win32.c\">KaynLdr<\/a><\/span> .<\/p><h3>Strings<\/h3><p>As already mentioned before, the strings that we use to dynamically resolve the used functions can give an indication that we are trying to hide a suspicious import. We can manually find these strings using the string command on Linux:<\/p><pre>$ strings basic_loader.exe | grep \"Virtual\"<br \/>VirtualAlloc<br \/>\u00a0 VirtualQuery failed for %d bytes at address %p<br \/>\u00a0 VirtualProtect failed with code 0x%x<br \/>VirtualProtect<br \/>VirtualQuery<br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 VirtualAddress<br \/>VirtualSize<br \/>VirtualAddress<br \/>VirtualSize<br \/>VirtualProtect<br \/>VirtualQuery<br \/>VirtualAddress<br \/>VirtualQuery<br \/>VirtualProtect<br \/>__imp_VirtualProtect<br \/>__imp_VirtualQuery<\/pre><p>As can be seen, the VirtualAlloc function is still visible here and a security product could easily recognize what we are up to. As mentioned before, one way to get around this is to use hashes instead of the function name to find the function we want to resolve. However, these hashes themselves might be an indicator of malicious intent if they are frequently used by malware. Therefore, it would be advantageous to use a less known hash algorithm here.<\/p><p>Another option is to encrypt the strings and decrypt them during runtime. This is the route we went in our loader.<\/p><h2>Summary<\/h2><p>In this blog post, we discussed imports and their usage for static analysis by AV solutions. We then went over the structures and fields we need to look at to resolve a module similar to GetModuleHandle() manually. Subsequently, we did take a look at resolving a function using a function name and a pointer to the module in memory as done by GetProcAddress(). Finally, we briefly mentioned the need for obfuscating the function names that we want to resolve. The structures seen in this post will be relevant again in the following posts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5984642e\" data-id=\"5984642e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4c5af6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4c5af6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5cabc82f\" data-id=\"5cabc82f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-507362ae elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"507362ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Further blog articles<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-359056d7\" data-id=\"359056d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-340c80b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"340c80b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b548ef0\" data-id=\"1b548ef0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be8751e elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient load-more-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"be8751e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;pagination_type&quot;:&quot;load_more_on_click&quot;,&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:35,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;load_more_spinner&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-spinner&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9031 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-blog category-red-teaming category-red-teaming-en tag-loader-dev\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-4-amsi-and-etw\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/web-applikationen-portale-services-300x203.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-12061\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/web-applikationen-portale-services-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/web-applikationen-portale-services-1024x692.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/web-applikationen-portale-services-768x519.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/web-applikationen-portale-services.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Blog<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-4-amsi-and-etw\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tLoader Dev. 4 &#8211; AMSI and ETW\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>April 30, 2024 &#8211; In the last post, we discussed how we can get rid of any hooks placed into our process by an EDR solution. However, there are also other mechanisms provided by Windows, which could help to detect our payload. Two of these are ETW and AMSI.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nAuthor: Kolja Grassmann<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-4-amsi-and-etw\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Loader Dev. 4 &#8211; AMSI and ETW\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tMehr Infos \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9032 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-blog category-blog-en category-red-teaming category-red-teaming-en tag-loader-dev\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-3-evading-userspace-hooks\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beratung-konzepte-reviews-und-analysen-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-12075\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beratung-konzepte-reviews-und-analysen-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beratung-konzepte-reviews-und-analysen-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beratung-konzepte-reviews-und-analysen-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beratung-konzepte-reviews-und-analysen.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Blog<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-3-evading-userspace-hooks\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tLoader Dev. 3 &#8211; Evading userspace hooks\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>April 10, 2024 &#8211; In this post, we will go over techniques to avoid hooks placed into memory by an EDR.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nAuthor: Kolja Grassmann<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-3-evading-userspace-hooks\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Loader Dev. 3 &#8211; Evading userspace hooks\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tMehr Infos \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9035 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-blog category-red-teaming category-red-teaming-en tag-loader-dev\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/aktive-directory-sicherheit-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-12083\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/aktive-directory-sicherheit-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/aktive-directory-sicherheit-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/aktive-directory-sicherheit-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/aktive-directory-sicherheit.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Blog<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tLoader Dev. 2 &#8211; Dynamically resolving functions\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>March 10, 2024 &#8211; In this post, we discuss dynamically resolving functions, which help to avoid static detections based on the functions imported by our executable.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nAuthor: Kolja Grassmann<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Loader Dev. 2 &#8211; Dynamically resolving functions\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tMehr Infos \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-9036 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-blog category-red-teaming-en category-red-teaming tag-loader-dev\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-1-basics\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/adi-goldstein-EUsVwEOsblE-unsplash-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-18516\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/adi-goldstein-EUsVwEOsblE-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/adi-goldstein-EUsVwEOsblE-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/adi-goldstein-EUsVwEOsblE-unsplash-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/adi-goldstein-EUsVwEOsblE-unsplash-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cirosec.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/adi-goldstein-EUsVwEOsblE-unsplash-2048x1367.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Blog<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-1-basics\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tLoader Dev. 1 &#8211; Basics\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>February 10, 2024 &#8211; This is the first post in a series of posts that will cover the development of a loader for evading AV and EDR solutions.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nAuthor: Kolja Grassmann<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-1-basics\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Loader Dev. 1 &#8211; Basics\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tMehr Infos \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-load-more-spinner\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-spinner\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ed1d1c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ed1d1c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7243dd47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"7243dd47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"6023\" class=\"elementor elementor-6023 elementor-2968 elementor-2968\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3920b242 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3920b242\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-61cde52c\" data-id=\"61cde52c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eba007 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7eba007\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7346d88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7346d88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Do you want to protect your systems? 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class=\"elementor-item\">Secure Email Communication with cirosec<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-f26d479\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9132\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/about-us\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">About us<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9133\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/services\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Services<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9134\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/trainings\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Trainings<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9139\"><a 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class=\"elementor-item\">Privacy Policy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9148\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/cirosec-responsible-disclosure-policy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">cirosec Responsible Disclosure Policy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-50e6031\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9146\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/imprint\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Imprint<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9147\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/privacy-policy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Privacy Policy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9148\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/cirosec-responsible-disclosure-policy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">cirosec Responsible Disclosure Policy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>March 10, 2024 &#8211; In this post, we discuss dynamically resolving functions, which help to avoid static detections based on the functions imported by our executable.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nAuthor: Kolja Grassmann<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":12083,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,34,36],"tags":[49],"class_list":["post-9035","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-red-teaming","category-red-teaming-en","tag-loader-dev"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Loader Dev. 2 - Dynamically resolving functions - cirosec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cirosec.de\/en\/news\/loader-dev-2-dynamically-resolving-functions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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